An alternating quark ball-and-stick model of nuclear structure

24 January 2023, Version 12
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

The atomic nucleus contains protons and neutrons, each containing three quarks. Effective field theories and ab initio techniques treating nucleons as point-like particles have been enormously successful in accounting for many nuclear properties, including structure. The methodologies, however, remain computationally intensive and complex to the novice. The proposed alternating quark model (AQM) is an entry-level geometric model of nuclear structure based on the radius of the proton. Alternating up- and down-quarks occupy average positions within linear or polygonal chains. Best-fit structural solutions form cylindrical lattices of stacked 6-nucleon (18-quark) rings exhibiting structural periodicity that repeats every 12 nucleons. A corresponding periodicity in nuclear magnetic moments validates the model. The quark alternation hypothesis produces a near-perfect correlation between predicted and accepted charge radii of stable nuclides through 36Ar. Model-consistent structures of 5He, 8Be, 18F, and 30P illuminate why they are unstable. A novel criterion of nuclear stability is demonstrated: Nuclides containing contiguous alternating quark sequences tend to be stable; those containing discontiguous quark sequences tend to be unstable. The AQM nuclide structure acts as a substrate that sterically selects either a proton or neutron in nucleosynthesis, analogous to base pair selection in DNA replication. Implications for nuclear fusion are discussed.

Keywords

quark
nucleosynthesis
nuclear periodicity
EMC effect
nuclear structure
fusion
nuclear magnetic moment
AQM
radius to mass puzzle
proton puzzle
single-nucleon nucleosynthesis
nucleon duodectet
ball and stick
alternating quark
nucleon pod
valence pod
nuclear steric selection
nuclear cylinder
Coulomb barrier
quark confinement
nuclear shape

Supplementary materials

Title
Description
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Title
Alt Quark 10'
Description
A short introduction to the alternating quark model, a ball and stick quark model of nuclear structure
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Title
AQM 41'
Description
A 41' introduction to the alternating quark model, a ball and stick quark model of nuclear structure
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Title
AQM structural determinations
Description
This spreadsheet contains the center of mass and radius calculations for the first 33 stable nuclides presented within the manuscript. Also included are the calculations of the coulomb barrier height for deuteron Dash deuteron prime fusion by two approaches: antiparallel and axial.
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Title
Deuteron orientation & Coulomb barrier height
Description
Presentation at the national meeting of the ACS, August 2022. Quark structure and orientation of a pair of fusing deuterons have a major impact on fusion reaction kinetics. Watch this video and learn how: 1. Alternating quarks explain the linearity of the Segré plot (proton/neutron ratio curve). 2. Alternating quark charge between a pair of fusing deuterons produces a fusion potential curve and Coulomb barrier. 3. Alternating quark radius predictions correlate near-perfectly with experimental charge radii of stable nuclides thru argon-36 (Pearson's r(31)=.98, p = .001, two-tailed). 4. Alternating quark structures demonstrate shell-like periodicity as revealed in a periodic table of nuclear structure and validated by the periodicity of corresponding nuclear magnetic moments 5. Nucleosynthetic products containing contiguous alternating quark sequences are stable. Those with disruptions in the contiguous alternating quark sequence tend to be unstable in a process resembling the steric selection of nucleotides in the replication of DNA.
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