Scale-Dependent Friction-Coverage Relations and Non-Local Dissipation in Surfactant Monolayers

Surfactant molecules, known as organic friction modi?ers (OFMs), are added to lubricants to reduce friction and wear between sliding surfaces. In macroscale experiments, friction generally decreases as the coverage of OFM molecules on the sliding surfaces increases. However, recent nanoscale experiments with sharp atomic force microscopy (AFM) tips have shown increasing friction. To elucidate the origin of these opposite trends, we use nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations and study kinetic friction between OFM monolayers and an indenting nanoscale asperity. For this purpose, we study various coverages of stearamide OFMs on iron oxide surfaces and silica AFM tips with different radii of curvature. For our small tip radii, the friction coefficient and indentation depth both have a non-monotonic dependence on OFM surface coverage, with maxima occurring at intermediate coverage. This suggests that friction is dominated by plowing. We rationalise the non-monotonic relations through

a competition of two effects (confinement and packing density) that varying the surface coverage has on the effective stiffness of the OFM monolayers. We also show

that kinetic friction is not very sensitive to the sliding velocity in the range studied, indicating that it originates from instabilities. Indeed, while friction predominately

originates from the plowing action of the monolayers by the leading edge of the tip, thermal dissipation is mostly localised in molecules towards the trailing edge of the tip.