1. Approximately 3.7 million (3,700,103) PubChem compounds were used in training the fragment vectors. Five million compounds (from CID 1 to 5,000,000) were downloaded in SMILES format from PubChem Download Service¹ for this purpose. Inorganic part of salts, charges on certain atoms were neutralized, components of mixtures were split and only one chemical from sets of duplicates were kept. Approximately 100,000 chemicals were held out for future needs.

2. Hansen² and Bursi³ Ames mutagenicity benchmark datasets were used. The data was preprocessed in the same way as the PubChem chemicals, except in the case of duplicates, the compound with the highest mutagenicity value was retained, leaving 6771 compounds (3639 mutagenic and 3132 non-mutagenic).

3. A dataset of 575 compounds was taken from the publication of Ghose et al⁴ to compute molar refractivity of the fragments.

An in-house dataset⁵ of 7000 chemicals (Zhu Hao et al) with their experimentally observed LogP was also used to help in computing LogP contribution of the fragments.

1. PubChem Download Service, URL: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pc_fetch/pc_fetch.cgi.

2. Hansen, K., Mika, S., Schroeter, T., Sutter, A., Laak, A. T., Steger-Hartmann, T., Heinrich, N. and Müller, K. R. (2009) Benchmark Data Set for in Silico Prediction of Ames Mutagenicity. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 49, 2077-2081.

3. Kazius, J., McGuire, R., Bursi, R. (2005) Derivation and validation of toxicophores for mutagenicity prediction. J. Med. Chem. 48, 312-320.

4. Ghose, A. K., Crippen, G. M. (1987) Atomic physicochemical parameters for three-dimensional-structure-directed quantitative structure-activity relationships. 2. Modeling dispersive and hydrophobic interactions. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 27(1), 21-35.

Zhu, H., Sedykh, A., Chakravarti, S. K., Klopman, G. (2005) A new group contribution approach to the calculation of LogP. Current Computer-Aided Drug Design 1, 3-9.

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Distributed Representation of Chemical Fragments

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