Modular Synthesis of Substituted Lactams via Deoxygenative Photochemical Alkylation-Cyclization Cascade of Secondary Amides in Flow

10 June 2025, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

γ-Lactams are crucial scaffolds in many bioactive compounds and pharmaceutical agents, yet their synthesis featuring diverse γ- and N-substitution remains a significant synthetic challenge. Current methods often lack modularity and efficiency, particularly when targeting sterically hindered or highly functionalized analogues. Herein, we report a modular, three-step strategy for the systematic synthesis of γ- and N-substituted γ-lactams from readily available primary amines and carboxylic acids. The sequence includes deoxygenative activation of secondary amides using triflic anhydride, a photochemical silane-mediated radical alkylation, and intramolecular cyclization. The alkylation–lactamization cascade proceeds under additive-free, continuous-flow photochemical conditions, enabling rapid reaction times (20 minutes) and scalable operation. Compared to conventional N-alkylation approaches, this method broadens access to sterically hindered analogues and offers a valuable platform for medicinal chemistry applications.

Keywords

flow chemistry
deoxygenative alkylation
lactam
amide
photocatalysis

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