High Capacity Intercalation Based Anodes for Solid-State Fluoride-Ion-Batteries Enabled by the Substitution of Conductive Carbon by Metallic Copper

10 June 2025, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

Fluoride-Ion-Batteries are a promising battery technology to achieve high energy densities exceeding those of traditional lithium-ion batteries. Reports on intercalation-based electrode materials for Fluoride-Ion-Batteries have mostly focused on cathode materials, while only a few intercalation-based anode materials have been reported. Their performance was heavily affected by carbon-based reductive side reactions, limiting reversibility and introducing high overpotentials. In this study, we present the successful substitution of carbon by metallic copper in solid-state FIBs, enabling the use of La2NiO3F2, Pr2NiO3F2, Sr2TiO3F2 and Sr3Ti2O5F4 as intercalation-based anode materials by avoiding parasitic side reactions associated with the conductive carbon additive.

Keywords

solid-state-batteries
fluoride-ion-batteries
fluoride intercalation
oxyfluorides
composite design

Supplementary materials

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Supplementary Information
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The supplementary information contains XRD patterns of the strontium-titanate-based anode composites after ball-milling with La0.9Ba0.1F2.9, ionic conductivity of Ca0.5Ba0.5F2 and La0.9Ba0.1F2.9, cycling data of La0.9Ba0.1F2.9-Cu || Pb-PbF2 and Ca0.5Ba0.5F2-Cu || Pb-PbF2 without active material, a cross-section SEM image of a La2NiO3F2-Cu || Pb-PbF2 cell, linear scan voltammetry of La0.9Ba0.1F2.9, individual refinements of Sr2TiO3F2 and Sr3Ti2O5F2 after stepwise electrochemical defluorination, conductivity of La2NiO3F2 and Sr2TiO3F2, cycling data of La2NiO3F2 free of side reactions, an XRD pattern of the Sr2TiO3F2/Sr3Ti2O5F4-Cu || Pb-PbF2 cells after cycling, cycling data and XRD patterns in the charged and discharged state of Pr2NiO3F2-Cu || Pb-PbF2 cells.
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