The First Microseconds of the Life of Excited Heptamethine Cyanine Revealed by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy

30 May 2025, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

Heptamethine cyanines are a well-known class of organic near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores that play an indispensable role in chemistry and biology. Despite their ubiquity, the underlying photophysical and photochemical dynamics triggered by excitation remain surprisingly elusive. In this study, we investigated a prototypical heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) using femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy. Combining transient Raman spectra with quantum chemical calculations allowed us to develop a comprehensive picture of the species produced during Cy7 excitation and their behavior on the fs to sub-ms time scale. We have unambiguously identified the excited singlet and triplet states and the resulting configurational photoisomers using clearly distinguishable Raman shifts. We also reveal solvent-mediated relaxation channels, in particular ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer to dissolved dioxygen, generating cyanine radical dication in addition to superoxide. Together, these insights provide a coherent mechanistic framework for Cy7 photodynamics and provide design guidance for next-generation NIR probes.

Keywords

Cyanine
Raman spetroscopy
Time resolved spectroscopy
quantum chemical calculations
Electron transfer
Isomerization

Supplementary materials

Title
Description
Actions
Title
The First Microseconds of the Life of Excited Heptamethine Cyanine Revealed by Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy
Description
Supplementary information containing additional experimental details, FSR spectra, computational results and fitting analyses.
Actions

Comments

Comments are not moderated before they are posted, but they can be removed by the site moderators if they are found to be in contravention of our Commenting Policy [opens in a new tab] - please read this policy before you post. Comments should be used for scholarly discussion of the content in question. You can find more information about how to use the commenting feature here [opens in a new tab] .
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy [opens in a new tab] and Terms of Service [opens in a new tab] apply.