Self-Forming Electrolytes Enable Calcium Plating and Stripping

02 May 2025, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

Calcium’s high reactivity typically causes surface passivation, limiting its applicability in electrochemical devices, such as batteries. Here we harness this very reactivity to form an electrolyte in situ from a Ca-free borate–amine precursor. The resulting electrolyte enables reversible Ca plating and stripping in various cells and under difficult conditions, advancing calcium battery development.

Keywords

Calcium Metal Battery
Electrolyte

Supplementary materials

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Supplementary information
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Detailed materials and methods, precursor design rationale, electrochemical protocols and cycling procedures. Supplementary SEM/EDX analyses and electrochemical data.
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