From GPCRs to Kinases: Automating the Path to Universal Pandemic Vaccine Development

Pandemics, such as Influenza and Covid-19, highlight the global challenge of controlling viral outbreaks. Despite the rapid development of vaccines for SARS-CoV 2, current antiviral treatments are not broadly effective against diverse strains. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop vaccines targeting Covid-19 and related coronaviruses, including SARS and MERS. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and kinases are critical in viral entry and replication. The ACE2 receptor is a key focus for Covid-19 research, while other viruses, including influenza, flaviviruses and polioviruses, exploit GPCR pathways, presenting targets for antiviral therapy. Kinases such as PI3K and ERK are involved in viral processes. Universal pandemic vaccines are essential to address emerging viral variants. Some mRNA vaccines show potential in this regard, and advances in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), bioinformatics, genomics and computational biology offer promising avenues for automating vaccine development. This review underscores the roles of GPCRs and kinases in viral infections and emphasizes the potential of automation techniques in the creation of universal pandemic vaccines.