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Abstract
Toroidal graphene (tG) represents a breakthrough in nanostructures, combining unique geometric properties with quantum-driven electromagnetic amplification. Classical Maxwellian theory predicts a curvature-induced amplification factor (AF) of 30,000 for tG, while Plasmon Hybridization Theory (PHT) elevates the theoretical AF to an experimentally validated 3e9, highlighting tG’s extraordinary capacity for field enhancement. This amplification expands van der Waals (vdW) interactions within bronze matrices from approximately 0.9 nm to 130 nm, enabling ultralow tG concentrations of 0.005 wt%. The material exhibited a 458% improvement in wear resistance and a 78.2% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to standard cast lead-free bronze. This study bridges theoretical modeling and industrial validation, demonstrating the potential of tG as a transformative additive in sustainable and high-performance metallic composites.
