Abstract
The thermal stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a critical challenge for their integration into power grid applications. Incorporating additives into Spiro-OMeTAD has been shown to enhance conductivity, enabling increased thickness of the hole-transport layer (HTL), which is essential for scalable fabrication techniques such as blade coating for roll-to-roll processing. However, the sufficient thermally durable Spiro-OMeTAD with suitable additives has yet to be proposed. Here, we successfully demonstrate the thermal stable PSCs by employing novel heteroaryl additives in the Spiro-OMeTAD. These additives effectively control void formation in the HTL and minimize reactivity with the perovskite layer, significantly improving the thermal stability of PSCs at 85 °C. As a result, PSCs with 3-phenylpyridine and 2-phenylpyridine maintained 101% and 104% of their initial photoconversion efficiency after 2,400 hours of 85 °C test, respectively. As an added benefit, the improved charge extraction facilitated by the additives enhanced the photovoltaic performance, achieving a photoconversion efficiency of 25%. We reveal the mechanism of how the additive can improve the thermal stability of PSCs by comparing 38 novel heteroaryl derivatives and 60 additive combinations.
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