Tailoring Spectral Response and First Hyperpolarizability of Aryl-Substituted BODIPY-based 'Push-Pull’ Chromophores: Influence of Medium and Structural Modifications

The medium plays a pivotal role in dictating the extent of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) in a molecule, which in turn could be useful in tuning its spectral as well as nonlinear optical (NLO) response properties. Tuning of ICT in a 𝜋-conjugated electronic donor-accepter molecule has been utlized to modulate the absorption and emission maxima as well as the first hyperpolarizability (𝛽) of the so-called ’push-pull’ chromophores. Molecules with boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-based acceptors became popular in recent years for their unique photophysical properties, ease of synthesis, and high thermal stability. In this article, we present a quantum chemical investigation of the influence of the medium on the ICT process of some novel aryl-substituted BODIPY molecules. This influence ultimately modulates their absorption, emission, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Both static and frequency-dependent 𝛽 for the second harmonic generation are investigated along with the the Pockels effect. Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations using long-range corrected CAM-B3LYP functional was employed in the present study. Restricting the rotation of the aryl ring through the incorporation of methyl groups to the BODIPY moiety enhances the fluorescence decay rate of the molecule. Both electronic and vibrational contributions to the static 𝛽 are considered. A significant increase in 𝛽 has been observed in polar solvents, compared to that in the gas phase. An interplay between structural and electronic effects was found to dictate the properties investigated. Our results sheds light on the ICT process in the studied BODIPY dyes and could be useful in tuning their spectral properties as well as formulating design principles of novel NLO materials for future technological applications.