A portable and versatile rGO-Co₃O₄-Pt Nanocomposite-based Electrochemical Sensor for In Vitro and In Vivo Cardiac Stress Monitoring

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) under pathophysiological conditions primarily initiate oxidative stress, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a crucial oxidative stress biomarker due to its stability and significant role in signaling pathways linked to cellular damage. Hence, H₂O₂ detection is crucial for early disease diagnosis, understanding oxidative stress mechanisms, and therapeutic intervention, especially in cardiac health, where oxidative damage is significant. However, efficient, highly selective & sensitive, quick, and accurate H₂O₂ detection remains a challenge in the protracted battle against oxidative stress-related diseases. The study presents a fast, portable, low-cost, and versatile oxidative stress detection platform using a rGO-Co₃O₄-Pt nanocomposites electrochemical sensor platform, which can be remotely controlled. The sensors offer ultrasensitive, versatile cardiac stress monitoring, with H2O2 detection up to 2.50 µM, low LOD (0.16 µM) and LOQ (0.50 µM), with anti-interference capability and biocompatibility, indicating the possibility of real-sample analysis. Furthermore, we conducted studies on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in vitro (HL-1 cell lines) and in vivo (adult C57BL/6J mice model). The study indicates that the rGO-Co₃O₄-Pt nanocomposite electrochemical sensor platform can efficiently and accurately detect diseases. This work provides direct experimental evidence of ROS detection and offers an efficient electronic platform that is significantly lighter, cheaper, and smaller than alternatives.