Synthesis of Iron Oxide Series to Investigate their Thermal and Kinetic Effect on Surface Adsorption

Iron oxide particles are getting more and more attention in the modern era due to their significant role in the treatment of wastewater. Here in this study, we deal with a conventional and easy synthetic (co-precipitation) method and Plant mediated synthesis method were used to synthesize Iron oxide series in the presence of iron salts and ammonium hydroxide to stud their thermal and kinetic effect on surface adsorption to remove the crystal violet dye from wastewater sample. In the current study Iron series oxide particles were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). All synthesized Iron series oxide particles are found to be crystalline in nature. Batch adsorption study of crystal violet dye was then conducted using all the synthesized nanoparticles. Thermal and kinetic analyses of the adsorption surfaces of all synthesized iron oxide series particles were optimized based on adsorbate-adsorbent concentration. The optimal conditions for effective removal of organic dyes were determined as 10 g/L adsorbate concentration, pH 9, the temperature of 55 °C, and a contact time of 2 hours. The influence of various factors, including time, concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature, on the percentage removal of crystal violet dye was systematically investigated. Remarkably, magnetite particles exhibited the highest removal. efficiency, achieving 95.7% removal at pH 9 and an adsorbate concentration of 10 g/L. Conversely, maghemite showed a maximum removal of 53.5% at approximately pH 8, while hematite demonstrated a maximum removal of 73.5% at pH ~ 9. Thus, the iron oxide series particles exhibit immense potential as effective candidates for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater.