Relaxation optimized heteronuclear experiments for extending the size limit of RNA nuclear magnetic resonance

The application of NMR to large RNAs has been limited by the inability to perform heteronuclear correlation experiments essential for resolving overlapping 1H NMR signals, determining inter-proton distance restraints and inter-helical orientations for structure calcula-tions, and evaluating conformational dynamics. Approaches exploiting 1H-13C correlations that are routinely applied to proteins and small RNAs of ~60 nucleotides or fewer are impractical for larger RNAs due to rapid dipolar relaxation of protons by their attached car-bons. Here we report a 2H-enhanced, 1H-15N correlation approach that enables atom-specific NMR characterization of much larger RNAs. Purine H8 transverse relaxation rates are reduced ~20-fold with ribose perdeuteration, enabling efficient magnetization transfer via two-bond 1H-15N couplings. We focus on H8-N9 correlation spectra which benefit from favorable N9 chemical shift anisotropy. Chemical shift assignment is enabled by retention of protons at the C1′ position, which allow measurement of two-bond H1′-N9 and through-space H1′-H8 correlations with only a minor effect on H8 relaxation. The approach is demonstrated for the 232 nucleotide HIV-1 Rev response element, where chemical shift assignments, 15N-edited nuclear Overhauser effects, and 1H-15N residual dipolar couplings are readily obtained from sensitive, high-resolution spectra. Heteronuclear correlated NMR methods that have been essential for the study of proteins can now be extended to RNAs of at least 78 kDa.