Methylaluminoxane Reactivities and Anionic Structures: From Small Oligomers to Large Sheets

The structure and reactivity of small methylaluminoxane (MAO) species (MeAlO)n(Me3Al)m (n = 1-8) have been investigated using DFT (M06-2X), MP2, and CCSD(T) calculations. This hierarchy of methods reveals that DFT artificially stabilizes structures containing 4-coordinate oxygen atoms while higher level calculations demonstrate a clear preference for structures with 3-coordinate oxygen and 4-coordinate aluminum centers. Analysis of ionization pathways shows these neutral MAO molecules form anions through either methide abstraction or Me2Al+ cleavage, with the latter mechanism dominant for sheets structures (n = 5-8). Smaller species (n = 1-4, m ≥ n) show minimal reactivity toward either ionization pathway. The resulting anions consistently adopt sheet structures with 3-coordinate oxygen and 4-coordinate aluminum at all levels of theory. We introduce a comprehensive stability metric incorporating both ionization energies and neutral precursor stability, which successfully explains the distribution of anions observed in ESI-MS spectra during Me3Al hydrolysis. Extension of this analysis to larger species, including the recently isolated and characterized sheet (MeAlO)26(Me3Al)9 (Luo et al., Science, 2024, 384, 1424-1428), reveals unexpected trends in reactivity.