Mini-Review on Sodium Benzoate: Its Uses, Adverse Effects, and Environmental Impact as a Pharmaceutical Product

This short overview summarizes sodium benzoate's (SB) dual role as a useful preservative and a possible threat to human and environmental health. This review provides a concise summary of uses, adverse effects, and environmental impact of SB. SB is widely used as a preservative in pharmaceuticals and food products due to its ability to inhibit microbial growth, thus extending the shelf life of various formulations, including syrups and ointments. While generally considered safe, SB can cause allergic reactions and may contribute to conditions like ADHD, particularly in children. It can also disrupt gut microbiota balance. The paper highlights the concerns regarding the environmental persistence of SB. Although it is biodegradable, its degradation rate can vary based on conditions and concentrations. Improper wastewater treatment can lead to its accumulation in aquatic ecosystems, posing risks to both the environment and human health. The review emphasizes the need for awareness regarding the long-term effects of sodium benzoate in ecosystems and suggests that environmentally friendly technologies could mitigate its impact.