Photocatalysis of Viologen-radical-driven Hydrogen Evolution from Water Using Macrocyclic Co-NHC Catalysts: Volmer-Heyrovsky-like Two-step CPET Pathway in Molecular Catalysis

The factors controlling the catalytic activity in photochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are studied in detail for two macrocyclic cobalt compounds bearing two N-heterocyclic carbenes and two pyridyl donors (Co-NHC1 and Co-NHC2, where Co-NHC2 has a methoxy substituent on each pyridyl ligand). The present study adopts an aqueous photosystem consisting of EDTA, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2’-bipyridine), and MV2+ (MV2+ = methylviologen) at pH = 5. Both catalysts are shown to promote HER in a similar efficiency (TON = 12-13 in 6 h), revealing a minor contribution of the electron-donating methoxy substituents. The catalyst degradation is shown to proceed during the photocatalysis, leading to afford [Co(edta)]− (EDTA = H4edta) as a dead-end species. The lack of any heterogeneous species was evidenced by DLS (dynamic light scattering). It was also found that nitrate involved as a counter anion in the photocatalysis components substantially inhibits the photocatalytic HER, giving rise to a large diminishment in TON from 12.7 to 7.2. The Griess test was used to confirm that NO3− serves as a scavenger deactivating the reduced form of MV2+ (i.e., MV+•). The detailed spectroscopic study reveals that the diradical (MV+•)2 species plays a key role in promoting the one-step two-electron process: (MV+•)2 + NO3− + 2H+ → 2MV2+ + NO2− + H2O. Our DFT results also reveal that a unique double CPET (concerted proton-electron transfer) pathway is taken to evolve H2 by the Co-NHC catalysts with substantially minimized reorganization energies: Co(II)-NHC → Co(III)(H)-NHC → Co(II)-NHC + H2. This pathway can be viewed as related to the so-called Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism adopted by some metals and is quite unique to the Co-NHC catalysts.