Assessing the effect of iron oxide magnetic nanoflowers on blood components in a multi-scale approach in the context of thromboembolic disease

Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as promising theranostic agents for cardiovascular diseases. Using a multiscale approach, we investigate the interaction of 27 nm diameter multicore magnetite nanoflowers with blood components. Using flow cytometry and dynamic light scattering, we determine safe magnetite nanoflowers concentration levels. Data indicates negligible impact on red blood cells and white blood cells for all concentrations and exposure durations studied, whilst platelets exhibit reversible activation at high magnetite nanoflowers concentrations. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals significant reductions in T1 and T2 relaxation times in platelets treated with magnetite nanoflowers at high concentrations, indicating efficient internalization. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy confirms morphological changes in platelets exposed to the iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles, indicating that internalization occurs via endocytosis. Overall, the findings support the theranostic utility of magnetite iron oxide nanoflowers in whole blood for thromboembolic disease management, with potential for future investigations over longer durations.