NaCl, MgCl2, and AlCl3 Surface Coverages on Fused Silica and Adsorption Free Energies at pH 4 From Nonlinear Optics

We employ amplitude- and phase-resolved SHG experiments to probe interactions of fused silica:aqueous interfaces with Al3+, Mg2+, and Na+ cations at pH 4 and as a function of metal cation concentration. We quantify the second-order nonlinear susceptibility and the total potential in the presence and absence of 10 mM screening electrolyte to understand the influence of charge screening on cation adsorption. Strong cation:surface interactions are observed in the absence of screen electrolyte. The total potential is then employed to estimate the total number of absorbed cations. The contributions to the total potential from the bound and mobile charge were separated using Gouy-Chapman-Stern model estimates. All three cations bind fully reversibly, indicating physisorption as the mode of interaction. Of the isotherm models tested, the Kd adsorption model fits the data with binding constants of 3 to 30 mol-1 and ~300 mol-1 for the low (<0.1 mM) and high (0.1 -3 mM) concentration regimes, corresponding to adsorption free energies of -13 to -18 and -24 kJ mol-1 at room temperature, respectively. The maximum surface coverages are around 1013 cations cm-2, matching the number of deprotonated silanol groups on silica at pH 4. Clear signs of decoupled Stern and diffuse layer nonlinear optical responses are observed and found to be cation specific.