From soft ionization mass spectrometry to “chemical bond” and resistance, semiconductor, superconductivity -- the law of charge motion in phase transition under weak electric field part Ⅱ

The movement of charges in different states (phase transitions) such as gas, liquid, and solid under weak electric fields is of great significance for us to understand ion sources, mass spectrometers, electrophoresis, resistance, conductors, semiconductors, and superconducting phenomena.