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Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion is a bimolecular process converting low-energy light into high-energy one. All available calcium probes, despite their qualities, are downconverting, which leads to the autofluorescence caused by background emission of the intra- and intercellular molecules. Here we report a calcium-sensing system working via upconverted emission. The probe itself was obtained by covalent conjugation of a perylene blue emitter with a calcium-chelating moiety; it was sensitized by a red-light absorbing palladium porphyrin. Sensing was selective towards Ca2+ and occurred in the micromolar domain in aqueous solutions and methanol. The upconverted luminescence only appeared in the presence of calcium ions, with a quantum yield of up to 0.0018.
Supplementary materials
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Supplementary material
Description
General Methods, Synthesis, steady and time-resolved spectroscopies, ITC, Computational Studies
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