Dynamic surface reconstruction of perovskite oxides in oxygen evolution reaction and its impacts on catalysis: a critical review

Perovskite oxides have gained significant attention in recent years due to their superior catalytic activity in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the identification of the active structure and corresponding catalytic mechanism for these oxides still remains elusive, particularly for complex perovskite oxides. This is due to the intricate surface reconstruction that may occur under working conditions and the differing reaction mechanisms. This paper aims to address these issues by providing an overview of OER, perovskite oxides, characterization methods, and factors affecting surface reconstruction during OER. Specifically, the paper reviews in-situ and operando characterization studies conducted over the last decade, focusing on the surface dynamic structural evolution of simple and complex perovskite oxides such as SrIrO3 and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF). The paper concludes by presenting an overview of reported active structures on perovskite oxides so far, and providing guiding principles for the design of highly active and stable catalysts. By addressing these issues, this paper provides valuable insights into the design and development of effective catalysts for OER.