Novel Electrochemical Biosensing Strategy for Antibody IgG detections

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from harmful pathogens. Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are small proteins that play a vital role in the immune system's defense mechanism. Among the five classes of immunoglobulins, Immunoglobin G (IgG) is the most abundant and widely studied. This article provides an in-depth overview of the basics of IgG, including their chemical and physical properties and their roles in the human immune system. The article then focuses on the critical biosensor working principles with an emphasis on electrochemical biosensors. Biosensors are analytical devices that convert a biological response into an electrical signal, allowing for rapid and sensitive detection of specific analytes. The use of biosensors for IgG detection has gained significant attention in recent years due to their sensitivity, specificity, and ability to detect IgG in real-time. This article also discusses many novel strategies that have been reported in the literature for sensitive IgG detection. These strategies include the use of different biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, aptamers, enzymes, and biomimetic materials. Moreover, the article concludes by highlighting recent research advances and future directions for sensitive IgG detection, such as the use of nanomaterials and adaptable machine learning models, leading to a more efficient method of IgG detection.