Recent advances in Carbon Nanotube Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Established Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Early screening is crucial to prevent potential damages, and researchers are exploring alternative approaches such as multiplexed assays and emerging technologies such as microfluidics, nanotechnology, and biosensors. Current mainstream and conventional tests for AD biomarkers have limitations due to their insufficient sensitivity, which has led to the development of next-generation biosensing techniques that use nanomaterial-based field-effect transistors (FETs) for high-sensitivity and high-integration label-free biosensing. This review provides an overview of AD biomarkers, the working principle of FET biosensors, recent advances in CNT-based FET biosensors for the detection of AD biomarkers, and their potential for clinical diagnosis. FET biosensors have the potential to revolutionize the clinical detection of AD biomarkers, but there are challenges that need to be addressed for their successful translation into practical applications. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of AD biomarkers, describe the working principle of FET biosensors, and highlight recent advances in the development of CNT-based FET biosensors for the detection of AD biomarkers, with a particular emphasis on Aβ and tau proteins. We will also discuss the potential of these biosensors for clinical diagnosis and the challenges that need to be addressed for their successful translation into practical applications.