Recent advances in studying Toll-like receptors with the use of computational methods

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins which recognise various molecular patterns and activate signalling that triggers the immune response. In this review, our goal was to summarise how, in recent years, various computational solutions contributed to a better understanding of TLRs, regarding both their function and mechanism of action. We updated the recent information about small-molecule modulators and expanded the topic towards next- generation vaccine design, as well as studies of the dynamic nature of TLRs. Also, we underlined problems which remain unsolved.