Development and Benchmarking of Open Force Field 2.0.0 β€” the Sage Small Molecule Force Field

10 January 2023, Version 2

Abstract

We introduce the Open Force Field (OpenFF) 2.0.0 small molecule force field for drug-like molecules, code-named Sage, which builds upon our previous iteration, Parsley. OpenFF force fields are based on direct chemical perception, which generalizes easily to highly diverse sets of chemistries based on substructure queries. Like the previous OpenFF iterations, the Sage generation of OpenFF force fields was validated in protein-ligand simulations to be compatible with AMBER biopolymer force fields. In this paper we detail the methodology used to develop this force field, as well as the innovations and improvements introduced since the release of Parsley 1.0.0. One particularly significant feature of Sage is a set of improved Lennard-Jones (LJ) parameters retrained against condensed phase mixture data, the first refit of LJ parameters in the OpenFF small molecule force field line. Sage also includes valence parameters refit to a larger database of quantum chemical calculations than previous versions, as well as improvements in how this fitting is performed. Force field benchmarks show improvements in general metrics of performance against quantum chemistry reference data such as root mean square deviations (RMSD) of optimized conformer geometries, torsion fingerprint deviations (TFD), and improved relative conformer energetics (ΔΔ𝐸). We present a variety of benchmarks for these metrics against our previous force fields as well as in some cases other small molecule biomolecular force fields. Sage also demonstrates improved performance in estimating physical properties, including comparison against experimental data from various thermodynamic databases for small molecule properties such as Δ𝐻_π‘šπ‘–π‘₯, ρ(π‘₯), Δ𝐺_π‘ π‘œπ‘™π‘£ and Δ𝐺_π‘‘π‘Ÿπ‘Žπ‘›π‘ . Additionally, we benchmarked against protein-ligand binding free energies (Δ𝐺_𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑑), where Sage yields results statistically similar to previous force fields. All the data is made publicly available along with complete details on how to reproduce the training results at https://github.com/openforcefield/openff-sage.

Keywords

Open Force Field
Sage
Small Molecule Force Field
van der Waals
Lennard-Jones
Binding affinity
Solvation Free Energy
Transfer Free Energy
Open Source Software
Open Science
Drug Discovery
Biomolecular Simulation

Supplementary materials

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Title
Supporting Information for "Development and Benchmarking of Open Force Field 2.0.0 --- the Sage Small Molecule Force Field"
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Additional information on the data used and results reported in the main manuscript.
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