Energetic Stability and Interfacial Complexity of Ti3C2Tx MXenes Synthesized with HF/HCl and CoF2/HCl as Etching Agents

17 May 2022, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

MXenes are ultra-thin two-dimensional layered early-transition metal carbides and nitrides with potential applications in various emerging technologies, such as energy storage, water purification, and catalysis. MXenes are synthesized from the parent MAX phase with different etching agents (HF or fluoride salts with a strong acid) by selectively removing a more weakly bound crystalline layer of Al or Ga replaced by surface groups (-O, -F, -OH, etc.). Ti3C2Tx MXene synthesized by CoF2/HCl etching has layered heterogeneity due to intercalated Al3+ and Co2+ that act as pillars for interlayer spacings. This study investigates the impacts of etching environments on the compositional, interfacial, structural, and thermodynamic properties of Ti3C2Tx MXenes. Specifically, compared with HF/HCl etching, CoF2/HCl treatment leads to a Ti3C2Tx MXene with a broader distribution of interlayer distances, increased number of intercalated cations, and decreased degree of hydration. Moreover, we determine the enthalpies of formation at 25 °C (ΔHf,25°C) of Ti3C2Tx MXenes etched with CoF2/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = –1891.7 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, and etched with HF/HCl, ΔHf,25°C = –1978.2 ± 35.7 kJ/mol Ti3C2, using high-temperature oxidation drop calorimetry. These energetic data are discussed and compared with experimentally derived and computationally predicted values to elucidate the effects of intercalants and surface groups of MXenes. We find that MXenes with intercalated metal cations has a less exothermic ΔHf,25°C from an increase in the interlayer space and dimension heterogeneity and a decrease in the degree of hydration leading to reduced layer–layer van der Waals interactions and weakened hydration effects applied on the MXene layers. The outcomes of this study further our understanding of MXene’s energetic–structure–interfacial property relationships.

Keywords

MXenes
Energetic Stability
Formation Enthalpy
Interfacial Complexity
CoF2/HCl Etching

Supplementary materials

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Supporting Information
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Tables and additional structural data.
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