Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) protease is a homo-dimeric aspartic protease essential for replication of HIV. The HIV-1 protease is a target protein in drug discovery for antiretroviral therapy, and various inhibitor molecules of transition state analog were developed. However, serious drug-resistant mutants have emerged. For understanding molecular mechanism of the drug-resistance, accurate examination of the impacts of the mutations on ligand binding as well as enzymatic activity is necessary. Here, we present a molecular simulation study on the ligand binding of Indinavir, a potent transition state analog inhibitor, to the native protein and a V82T/I84V drug-resistant mutant of HIV-1 protease. We employed a hybrid ab initio quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy optimization technique which combines highly accurate QM description of the ligand molecule and its interaction with statistically ample conformational sampling of MM protein environment by long-time molecular dynamics simulations. Through free energy calculations of protonation states of catalytic groups at the binding pocket and of ligand binding affinity changes upon the mutations, we successfully reproduced the experimentally observed significant reduction of the binding affinity upon the drug-resistant mutations and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. The present study opens the way for understanding the molecular mechanism of drug-resistance through direct quantitative comparison of ligand binding and enzymatic reaction with the same accuracy.
Supplementary materials
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Supporting Information
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Supplemental Computational Method and Result Sections, fourteen Supplementary Figures, six Supplementary Tables, and coordinate data description
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Title
coordinate data
Description
coordinate data of the QM/MM free energetically optimized structures of the QM region for all the states obtained in this study
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