Seeding the Multi-dimensional Nonequilibrium Pulling for Hamiltonian Variation: Indirect QM/MM Free Energy Simulations

02 February 2021, Version 1
This content is a preprint and has not undergone peer review at the time of posting.

Abstract

The combination of free energy simulations in the alchemical and configurational spaces provides a feasible route to access the thermodynamic profiles under a computationally demanding target Hamiltonian. Normally, due to the significant differences between the computational cost of ab initio quantum mechanics (QM) calculations and those of semi-empirical quantum mechanics (SQM) and molecular mechanics (MM), this indirect method is often applied to obtain the QM thermodynamics by combining the SQM or MM thermodynamics and the SQM-to-QM or MM-to-QM corrections. In our previous works, a multi-dimensional nonequilibrium pulling framework for Hamiltonian variations has been introduced based on bidirectional pulling and bidirectional reweighting. The method performs nonequilibrium free energy simulations in the configurational space to obtain the thermodynamic profile along the conformational change pathway under a selected computationally efficient Hamiltonian, and uses the nonequilibrium alchemical method to correct or perturb the thermodynamic profile to that under the target Hamiltonian. The BAR-based method is designed to achieve the best generality and transferability and thus leads to modest (~20 fold) speedup. In this work, we explore the possibility of further accelerating the nonequilibrium free energy simulation by employing unidirectional pulling and using the selection criterion to obtain the initial configurations used to initiate nonequilibrium trajectories following the idea of adaptive steered molecular dynamics (ASMD). A single initial condition is used to seed the whole multi-dimensional nonequilibrium free energy simulation and the sampling is performed fully in the nonequilibrium ensemble. The ASMD scheme estimates the free energy difference with the unidirectional exponential average (EXP), but it does not follow exactly the requirements of the EXP estimator. Another consequence of the seeding simulation is the inherently sequential or serial pulling due to the inter-segment dependency, which triggers some problems in the parallelizability of the simulation. Therefore, some tests are required to grasp some insights and guidelines for using this selection-criterion-based ASMD scheme. The ASMD method is tested thoroughly on a dihedral flipping model system and encouraging numerical results are obtained. The selection-criterion-based multi-dimensional ASMD framework follows the same perturbation framework of the BAR-based method, and thus could be used in various Hamiltonian-variation cases.

Keywords

Nonequilibrium Pulling
Enhanced Sampling Simulation
Free Energy Perturbation
Steered Molecular Dynamics
Alchemical Free Energy Calculation
Unidirectional Pulling
Ordinary Average
Exponential Average
Gaussian Approximation
Gaussian Approximated Exponential Average
Free Energy Simulation
Indirect QM/MM Free Energy Simulation
Multi-dimensional Nonequilibrium Free Energy Simulation
Conformatinoal Change
Alchemical Transformation
Configurational Sampling
Multi-scale Treatment
Hamiltonian Variation
MNDO
AM1
PM6
RM1
HF
ab initio Quantum Calculations
Semi-empirical Quantum Calculations
Sample Size
Pulling Speed
Stratification
Dihedral Flipping
Fast Growth
Slow Growth
Convergence
Statistical Uncertainty
Initial Seed
Mean Absolute Error (MAE)
Adaptive Steered Molecular Dynamics
Selection Criterion
Jarzynski Theorem
Computational Cost
Autocorrelation
Statistical Inefficiency
Upper Bound

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